|
FASD Educational Resources for Teachers, Parents, & Students
A Controlled Social Skills Training for Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (Mary J. O'Connor, et. al. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Vol 74: No 4, 2006) Premised on the basis that children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder have significant social skills deficits, the article reports on the findings of a study of the efficacy of a child friendship training (CFT) versus a delayed treatment control (DTC) as assessed for 100 children ages 6 to 12 years with FASD. Findings were that children in the CFT showed clear evidence of improvement in their knowledge of appropriate social behaviour, and according to parent report, CFT resulted in improved social skills and fewer problem behaviours compared with DTC. Gains were maintained at 3-month follow-up. After receiving treatment, the DTC group exhibited similar improvement. Teachers did not report improvement as a function of social skills treatment. The findings suggest that children with FASD benefit from CFT but that these social skills gains may not be observed in the classroom. [Abstract Paraphrase: O'Connor, et. al.]
Assessing Children for the Presence of a Disability (Betsy B. Waterman. National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. News Digest. Volume 4: No 1, 1994)
This article provides an introduction to assessment and information gathering methods for routine school based disability assessments, describes the parent's role in the assessment process, discusses cultural and linguistic diversity in assessments, and addresses results interpretation and educational program decisions based on those interpretations.
Defining the Role of Intellectual and Cognitive Assessment in Special Education (James A. Holdnack. The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Assessment Company) The paper addresses contemporary debate over the utility of comparing IQ to achievement scores to determine eligibility under Learning Disabled classification and eligibility for special education. The author explores the use of intellectual assessment and the proposed alternative to diagnosing learning disabilities. [Abstract Paraphrase: Holdnack]
Educational Planning for Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Wendy O. Kalberg and David Buckley. The University of New Mexico: Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions. Ann Ist Super Sanità. Volume 42: No. 1, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2006) This article primarily discusses the results of neurobehavioral research with alcohol exposed children and how that information can be used to inform school assessment, intervention planning, and support.
Falling Through the Cracks: A Summary of What We Heard About Teaching and Learning Conditions in Alberta Schools (David Geelan. The Alberta Teacher's Association: Edmonton, 2002; ISBN 1-894552-19-9) In 2002, Alberta teachers convened hearings across the province to collect data about teaching and learning conditions in Alberta. This document provides a summary of their findings which include challenges in supporting learners with special needs.
Health and Well-Being of Children in Care in British Columbia: Educational Experience and Outcomes (Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond and Dr. Perry Kendall. Representative for Children and Youth and Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Province of British Columbia, Canada, 2007) A comprehensive report on the health and well being of children in government care as pertains to their academic endeavours, achievements, and overall experiences in the education system. Download
Identifying School Nurses' Knowledge of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Linda M. Caley. JFAS International, May 24, 2006) Report on a pilot study that was conducted with school nurses to determine their general knowledge and perceived educational needs about FAS and, to test the applicability for nurses of a national Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Knowledge Survey developed for physicians and adapted for other health professionals.
Instructional Tips: Supporting the Educational Needs of Students with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Case Study (Ryan, S.M. Teaching Exceptional Children Plus. Vol 3: Issue 2; Article 5. 2006) The article provides instructional tips that teachers in Alaska have found useful in working with students who are affected by FASD.
NEW! Making the Grade: A Review of Alternative Education Programs in BC (A. Smith, et.al. The McCreary Centre Society: Vancouver, 2007; ISBN 978-1-895438-86-1) The study aims to provide a better understanding of the experiences of at-risk and high-risk youth attending alternative education programs in BC communities where there is a high prevalence of youth street involvement and sexual exploitation. The report concludes that the programs are predominantly succeeding, by using teaching methods which incorporate a youth’s individual strengths, learning style and life experiences, and by placing a strong emphasis on building community connections and developing positive, supportive and healthy relationships. [Abstract paraphrase: Smith, et.al.]
Neurobiological Basis of Learning Disabilities: An Update (Christina Fiedorowicz, et. al. Learning Disabilities Association of Canada, 2001) This authors review recent research in the field of learning disabilities. The article summarises findings from numerous studies employing widely divergent methodologies which have attempted to establish the neurobiological correlates of learning disabilities including genetic, neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, and neuropsychological investigations. Evidence concludes that learning disabilities are a manifestation of atypical brain development and/or function.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Ability, Academic Achievement and School Functioning in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Follow-Up (Karen K. Howell, et. al. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. Volume 31: No. 1, pp. 116-126. 2006) This article examines the prenatal alcohol exposure and ability, academic achievement, and school functioning in adolescence. Based on findings, authors conclude that alcohol-affected youth showed significant deficits on mathematics subtests among other areas.
School Problems: It's the Kid's Fault! (Pamela Darr Wright. www.wrightslaw.com) Written by a clinical social worker, this article examines the many misperceptions and misunderstandings that result in systemic or formulaic planning and programming for students with disabilities in the school system.
Variable Structure/ Variable Performance: Parent and Teacher Perspectives on a School-Age Child with FAS (Geralyn R. Timler and Lesley B. Olswang. Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions. Vol. 3: No. 1; 2001) Presents a case study of a school-aged boy with a diagnosis of FAS and explores the parent and teacher's opposing viewpoints regarding the best educational program for him. Study results indicate that intervention planning must take into account the child's variations in performance across multiple contexts.
An Adolescent Student with Fetal Alcohol Effect and Learning Disabilities: Tutoring in Written Language (Carole L Johnson. A Master Thesis in Education: Curriculum and Instruction, Faculty of Education, University of Northern British Columbia, 1999; ISBN 0-612-62479-X) Presented as a case study, the thesis explores learning difficulties of an adolescent girl with FAE and learning disabilities, and describes the process by which an experienced tutor makes decisions about appropriate levels of instruction and teaching strategies.
Career/ Life Transitions for Students with Diverse Needs: A Resource Guide for Schools (British Columbia Ministry of Education: Special Programs Branch, 2001) This resource guide has been developed to assist teachers in understanding the issues inherent in career/ life transitions for students with diverse needs (including students with disabilities, cultural and language differences, and those who are deemed to be "at risk"). The guide offers recommended activities, tools, and resources for transition planning in support of career/ life transitions for these students.
Essential Tools: Increasing Rates of School Completion - Moving from Policy and Research to Practice (A Manual for Policymakers, Administrators, and Educators) (Camila A. Lehr, et. al. National Center on Secondary Education and Transition: The College of Education & Human Development, University of Minnesota. 2004) Examines drop-out rates in public schools with a particular focus on students with disabilities, and proposes practices to be implemented to address intervention and prevention.
Fantastic Antone Succeeds: Experiences in Educating Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Kleinfeld J, Wescott S., Editors. University of Alaska Press, 1993; ISBN 0-912006-65-X) Authored by psychologists, teachers, and birth and adoptive parents of children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, this book communicates an optimistic message and offers practical tools for creating environments in which alcohol-affected children can experience success. Teachers describe how they have learned to organise classrooms where alcohol-affected children can thrive, and therapists discuss how they have learned to work with parents. One chapter summarises medical knowledge of FAS/FAE and offers information useful for understanding a child's learning and behaviour and for devising educational approaches. The book includes lists of important resources and descriptions of effective classroom practices for teachers. [Abstract paraphrase: University of Alaska Press] Order online here
Fantastic Antone Grows Up: Adolescents and Adults with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Kleinfeld, J. Editor. University of Alaska Press, 2000; ISBN 1-889963-11-9) In this sequel to Fantastic Antone Succeeds, young people with FAS/E and their caregivers report on their experiences facing the challenges of adolescence and young adulthood. The twenty-one chapters are grouped according to theme. Section one discusses the meaning of success for adolescents and adults with FAS/E and the need to define success in new ways. Section two discusses strategies that work in areas such as counselling, education, sexuality, trouble with the law, and independent living. Section three covers what families need from the community, including innovative programs that help individuals with FAS/E and how to get a diagnosis at adolescence. The book also contains lists of important resources, organisations to contact, and helpful internet sites. [Abstract paraphrase: University of Alaska Press] Order online here
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities (Streissguth, AP. Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., 1997) Authored by psychologist Ann Streissguth, who was among the first to formally study FAS, the monograph discusses the scientific and historical understanding of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. Photographs and case studies lend personal perspective while revealing the physical and behavioural manifestations of FAS - particularly in children. The book promotes community understanding of the disability and offers tools to assist those who work with persons who have FAS and with their families. Widely available in bookstores and online
Fighting for a Future: FASD and "The System" (Jan Lutke and Tina Antrobus. Connections: Serving Adolescents and Adults with FASD, 2004) A comprehensive summary of proceedings from a two day forum on "adolescents, adults and their families, and the state of affairs" where a large, geographically diverse group of birth, foster and adoptive parents (all who are professionally employed in different
Joey Pigza Novel Series (Jack Gantos. Original Publishers: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux: USA) Books in this series include: Joey Pigza Swallowed the Key (1998), Joey Pigza Loses Control (2000), What Would Joey Do? (2002), I Am Not Joey Pigza (2007). Witty and entertaining, these narratives of a young boy's journey through school with neuro-cognitive & developmental disabilities can be useful in promoting understanding, and for educating and informing peer relationships among students with and without disabilities in the classroom. Ideal for a middle school novel study or lit circles. Teacher's guides and lesson plans are available in numerous places on the world wide web in addition to the author's website. Visit the author's homepage: www.jackgantos.com Books and teaching resources available through Scholastic.com
Making a Difference: Working with Students Who Have Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (Heather Alton and Deb Evensen. Yukon Department of Education: Special Programs. Government of Yukon, 2007; ISBN 1-55362-285-5) A valuable, comprehensive resource, the manual provides fundamental information about FASD as a brain based, neuro-developmental disability that will effectively inform lesson and student support planning. The core of the manual consists of 12 essential elements for working with students who are affected by FASD. These include personal orientation and view of the child; basic approaches required in program design; discussions of how the brain affected by alcohol functions differently in areas of behaviour, sensory input, language, memory, and academic and social skills; and the needs of students as they move through the school system.
Planning for Students with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Guide for Educators (Saskatchewan Learning: Special Education Branch. 2004. ISBN 1-894743-76-X) This comprehensive guide explores basic principles, values, and beliefs pertaining to FASD and education; it provides a background understanding of brain based disabilities, terminology, prevalence, and protective factors; and it discusses effective educational and relational practices for working with students who are affected by FASD. Appendices include a list of valuable resources, handouts, checklists, observation forms, and other valuable resources. Electronic Access: www.sasklearning.gov.sk.ca/
Punished By Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A's, Praise, and Other Bribes (Kohn, A. Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1993; ISBN 0-395-65028-3) Seasoned with humour and familiar examples, the author criticizes systems that motivate extrinsically through reward, and offers arguments for motivating people by working with them instead of doing things to them. The final chapters offer practical strategies for both parents and teachers. Widely Available in Bookstores and Online
Reach to Teach: Educating Elementary and Middle School Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (DHHS Pub. No. SMA-4222. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2007) A valuable resource for educators working with elementary and middle school children who have Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. It provides educators with a basic introduction to FASD and offers tools to enhance communication between parents and teachers. Topics addressed include: structuring a caring and consistent environment, shifting attitudes and improving understanding, learning to translate misbehaviour, changing classroom teaching style, restructuring the physical space in the classroom, and engaging the whole school community. Has been proven useful in individual educational plan (IEP) meetings and child study team meetings. Available in French and English Order Print Copy: 1-800-729-6686 or http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/ Electronic Access: www.fasdcenter.samhsa.gov/
Teaching Students with Acquired Brain Injury: A Resource Guide for Schools (British Columbia Ministry of Education: Special Programs Branch, 2001; ISBN 0-7726-4447-0) This resource is intended to assist teachers in planning and providing supports for students with ABI. Topics addressed include: structure and brain function, definitions and characteristics, planning supports, recommended instructional approaches, behaviour plans and strategies, educational implications, transition planning, case studies, and provides a model for developing a plan for students with ABI. Appendices offer observation and data collection charts, sample questions to discuss with parents, interview forms, as well as a list of organisations, internet and print resources, and videos. Order Print Copy: 1-800-282-7955 (Quote catalogue No. RB0116) Teaching Students with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Building Strengths, Creating Hope (Alberta. Alberta Learning: Special Programs Branch, 2004) Book 10 of the Alberta Education Programming for Students with Special Needs series, this resource includes: FASD background info and terminology; diagnostic definitions; key considerations for planning effective education programs; suggestions and overarching strategies on how to build a positive classroom climate, how to structure a supportive learning environment, how to develop effective routines, how to build skills for whole class instruction, how to teach social and adaptive skills, how to help students generalise new skills and concepts; strategies related to specific areas of developmental functioning (organised by domain: attention, memory, language and communication, and academic skills); as well as an appendix of reproducible Blackline masters. Order Print Copy: 780-427-5775 or www.lrc.learning.gov.ab.ca/ Download
Teaching Students with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/ Effects: A Resource Guide for Teachers (British Columbia Ministry of Education: Special Programs Branch, 1996) This guide provides teachers with a basic understanding of FAS/E as a brain based disability and discusses the unique needs of learners who are affected by FAS/E in the context of IEP and lesson planning. Appendices include resources for parent conferences, adaptive and skill based checklists, and a list of recommended resources. [Note: some articles and references found in the resource list may be out of date]. Online Access: www.bced.gov.bc.ca/specialed/fas/welcome.htm
The Challenge of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Overcoming Secondary Disabilities (Ann Streissguth and Jonathan Kanter, ed. University of Washington Press, 1997) Twenty-two experts from the fields of human services, education, and criminal justice describe their experiences and learning. This book presents some of the earliest research findings regarding FAS/E, and acknowledges the diverse and multifaceted needs of people with FAS/FAE across the lifespan. A valuable resource for parents and any professional who works with people with FAS/FAE. Widely Available in Bookstores and Online
Towards Inclusion: Tapping Hidden Strengths - Planning for Students Who Are Alcohol-Affected (Darryl Johnson. Manitoba Education: Citizenship and Youth, 2001; ISBN 0-7711-2642-5) A planning resource intended to provide a support for student service administrators, principals, classroom teachers, resource teachers, school counsellors, clinicians, and other community professionals who help in assisting schools in developing approaches for students who are alcohol affected. The resource addresses the spectrum of students who are alcohol affected, including those diagnosed with FAS, pFAS, ARND, and ARBD. Discussions include: basic principles and framework, continuum of supports and services, creating a positive climate, learning strategies and interventions, classroom behavioural strategies and interventions, planning for individual behaviour, family and community involvement in the school, transitions, and future planning. Appendices include a bibliography and suggested resources, and a glossary. For downloading instructions, visit: www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/specedu/fas/
Trying Differently Rather Than Harder (Diane Malbin. 2nd ed. FASCETS, 2002) Provides a comprehensive overview of an effective model for working successfully with persons who are affected by FASD. Brief chapters address FASD history; diagnostic criteria; primary, secondary, and tertiary characteristics of FASD; misperceptions; appropriate interventions; effective adaptations; and more. Order online: www.fascets.org
Children of Alcoholics: A Kit for Educators (National Association for Children of Alcoholics, 4th ed., 2001) Provides basic information about family addiction and its impact, and offers suggestions for supporting children of alcoholics. The kit contains information to guide educators who work with children of alcoholics, a series of hand-outs and informational pamphlets, as well as a list of supportive organisations, newsletters, books, videos, and more. The kit is updated frequently.
NEW! Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Curriculum for those Working with Young Children and their Families in Home and Community Settings (Facilitator’s Guide) (FASD ECD Curriculum Project. A “Training Curriculum” of the Partnerships Projects. Public Health Agency of Canada, 2007) Topics addressed in this curriculum guide include FASD fundamentals and guiding principles, parents and children with FASD, ethical issues and practices, supports for individual children, environment, transitions, and a list of resources.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Lesson Plans: A Teacher's Resource for Grade 8 and 9 (Porcupine Health District, Ontario, 2004) Originally developed by teachers, for teachers, in the Avon-Maitland School Board, these lessons plans were designed to meet the Ontario Ministry of Education curriculum mandates. Grade 8 and 9 lessons provide an introduction to FASD as an organic brain based disability, and subsequent activities address FASD myths, stigmas, and misconceptions. Teacher's resource package includes: lesson overviews and plans, overheads, handouts, assignment sheets, supplementary resources, and assessment rubrics. Download FASD Lesson Plans:
Mathematics Instruction for Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Handbook for Educators (Carmen Rasmussen and Katy Wyper. University of Alberta, 2006) This resource manual provides a comprehensive overview of FASD for classroom mathematics educators. Modules address the following: mathematics deficits in children with FASD, general strategies for teaching children with FASD, stages of math development, characteristics of students with math difficulties, strategies for teaching children with math difficulties, and strategies for teaching math to children with FASD.
Teaching for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): Grades 1- 12 A Resource for Teachers of Health and Life Skills, and Career and Life Management (Alberta Learning: Special Programs Branch, 2002; ISBN 0-7785-1344-0) Divided by themes and grade levels, this teacher's manual provides background information about FASD, lesson ideas and suggested activities, handout and overhead masters, checklists, assessment rubrics, as well as a list of recommended resources and further reference materials. Order Print Copy: 780-427-2984 (Alberta Learning and Teaching Resources Branch)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Effect: Stories of Help and Hope (Hazelden, 1994) This video presents a balanced view of the medical and social consequences of FAS and FAE. A valuable resource for parents, community and other education professionals, the Available Online through Hazelden Bookstore: www.hazelden.org
How Difficult Can This Be? The F.A.T. City Workshop (Richard Lavoie, 1989) This unique program allows viewers to experience the same frustration, anxiety, and tension that children with learning disabilities face in their daily lives. Workshop facilitator, Richard Lavoie, presents a series of striking simulations emulating typical classroom experiences that place participants in the position of children with Learning Disabilities. Teachers, social workers, psychologists, parents, and friends who have participated in this workshop reflect upon their experience and the way it changed their approach to children with Learning Disabilities. Discussion and workshop guides are also available. (70 minutes) Order Online: www.ricklavoie.com
Plenary Sessions: The 2nd International Conference on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Research: Policy and Practice Around the World (Victoria, BC, Canada. March 2007) This international conference provided a forum through which to discuss and examine current research, policy, and practice that would assist parents, caregivers, service systems, and governments in the provision of adequate supports for people living with FASD. Various forms of research covering community, health, education and social services, clinical diagnostic and biomedical areas were discussed. The voices of those with FASD, birth mothers, and other families were heard throughout the event. Plenary speakers included: Diane Malbin, National Prevention Panel, Susan J. Astley, Hans-Ludwig Spohr, Christine Loock, Dr. Sterling Clarren, a research symposia including Edward Riley, Kenneth Lyons Jones, Philip A. May, Christina Chambers, Wendy O. Kalberg, and Elizabeth Moore (facilitated by Dr. Sterling Clarren), Sandra W Jacobson, and Joseph L. Jacobson. Watch Video Webcasts here
Welcome to Whitecrow Village (DVD) (Gulf Islands Film & Television School and Walking Feet Productions, Whitecrow Village FASD Society, 2005) An informative film short which introduces viewers to the success-engendering philosophy and vision of Whitecrow Village FASD Society. Showcasing Whitecrow Village team leaders, volunteers, professionals, and parents, this film offers a sampler of our core Live-In FASD Education (L.I.F.E.) Sessions, trainings, and volunteer programs for professionals and community members. Filmed & produced entirely by adults with FASD, the video offers a glimpse into a community in which all members are supported in their success, and encourages youth, families and professionals to seek out opportunities to join in this community. (14 minutes) Available in the Whitecrow Village Market
Circle Talk: Whitecrow Village Discussion Forums www.whitecrowvillage.org/forums/ Join educators and others with a professional and personal interest in FASD to share stories, experiences, new learning, ideas, lesson plans, concerns, advice, and much more in the Whitecrow Village Circle Talk Forums. Online Discussion Forum
www.whitecrowvillage.org/village_market/index.php Online Store for FASD and Related Materials
Whitecrow Village Online Library www.whitecrowvillage.org/bibliography_and_resources/ Multi Media Reference Library
All Kinds of Minds and All Kinds of Minds (Learning Base) ww.allkindsofminds.org/ Instructional & Learning Resources
Do2Learn: Educational Resources for Special Needs http://www.dotolearn.com/ Educational resource centre for children with FASD, Learning Disabilities, & Autism. FASD Reference Materials, Teacher & Student Resources
http://fasalaska.com Consultation & Training Services, Reference Materials
http://www.fasbookshelf.com/ Reference Library, Internet and Mail Order Service
http://www.fasdconnections.ca/ Advocacy & Support Resource, Reference Library
IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) http://idea.ed.gov/ U.S. Department of Education. IDEA is an American law that governs how states and agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to children and youth with disabilities. Informational Resource, Reference Materials
NEW! Nanaimo Unique Kids Organization http://www.nanaimouniquekids.org Nanaimo Unique Kids Organization (NUKO) is a registered non-profit organisation that was formed by a group of parents of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities - including FASD. The alternate day program uses home school curriculum and resources and is shaped to meet the unique emotional, social, and academic needs of each child. Learning Centre, Advocacy & Support Resource, Reference Materials
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/misunderstoodminds/ Teacher & Student Resources, Reference Library
NEW! Renfrew Educational Services (Calgary) http://www.renfreweducation.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=35 Diagnostic & Intervention Clinic, Consultation and Support Programs
http://www.fascenter.samhsa.gov/ Informational Resource, Reference Materials
www.wrightslaw.com/ Disseminates information regarding special education law, education law, and advocacy for children with disabilities. (Note: laws and statutes pertain to USA) Reference Libraries
NEW! The FASD Elephant Podcast www.fasdelephant.com/podcast/ In this weekly podcast, psychologist Michael Harris draws from his personal and professional experiences and clinical assessments (since 1997). Dr. Harris addresses a range of topics related to FASD, shares the metaphor of the FASD Elephant™, interviews experts in the field, and more. Website features include an interactive blog and list of FASD resources for parents. Subscribe: through iTunes or register on the website to recieve episodes via email.
NEW! E.U.K.O. Learning Centre E.U.K.O. Learning Centre is a registered non-profit organisation formed by parents, professionals, and community members who recognise that not all kids are able to find success in mainstream school programs. The organisation began as a pilot project in July 2007 and was initially based on the model of a parent-led alternate day program using home school curricula in a neighbouring community. E.U.K.O. is committed to educating children with neuro-developmental disabilities in a safe, supportive, and structured learning environment. The centre's mandate is to respect and honour the unique emotional, academic, and social needs, and to recognise and celebrate the strengths, value, and contributions of each child. E.U.K.O. Learning Centre is located in Errington, BC. For more information email: Jennifer-Leigh Gould
NEW! Nanaimo Unique Kids Organization (N.U.K.O.) http://www.nanaimouniquekids.org Nanaimo Unique Kids Organization is a registered non-profit organisation in Nanaimo, BC that was formed by a group of parents of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities - including FASD. The alternate day program uses home school curriculum and resources and is shaped to meet the unique emotional, social, and academic needs of each child.
| ||
 |
Return to Top
